JOURNAL ARTICLE · EDITORIAL BRIEF
Mode Effects on Self-Reported Health Across Web-Based, Interviewer-Administered, and Nurse-Administered Modes: Population-Based Study
Yunlong Liang; Tarek Al Baghal; Jonathan Burton; Meena Kumari
JMIR Human Factors · 16 October 2026 · Background
The finding or development
Self-completed health scales showed no statistically significant differences between online completion and completion during interviewer or nurse visits. The study separates who administers questions from the setting in which people answer.
What supports it
Peer-reviewed analysis of 1,779 participants in 1,111 households; randomized mode allocation with modelling to address mode switching.
Reviewed: Publisher abstract and metadata rechecked 28 October; methods and limitations reviewed previously. Supplements not reviewed.
Why it matters for design
Useful for planning mixed-mode research and documenting what remains consistent when moving questionnaires online.
Read with this in mind
Nonsignificance does not establish equivalence. Limited power, sparse condition reports, a predominantly White British sample and possible residual confounding restrict conclusions. These health measures do not establish that all UX questionnaires are mode-independent.
Original source
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DOI: 10.2196/89896
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